INTRODUCTION:

Occurrence, Botanical Description And Ethnopharmacology:

Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. It belongs to the family of Leguminosae and the sub-family of Mimosaceae comprises dried stem bark having moderately sized, spiny, evergreen trees found throughout India. Acacia is about 135 thorny African Acacia species. Alterations are considerable with nine subspecies. Three arise in the Indian subcontinent and six throughout Africa. The common name of this tree is, Indian gum, Babula tree, The species is widely naturalized in the drier parts of Africa, from Senegal to Egypt, and down to South Africa, and in Asia, from Arabia eastwards to India, Burma, and Sri Lanka, Iran, Irak Australia, Cape Verde islands, Indonesia, Nepal, Vietnam, and the West Indies. It is native to the plains of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra in India. Acacia nilotica rises from sea level to over 2000m. it contains extremes of temperature (-1 to 500c), but it frost tender when young. Ranges from 250 – 1500mm. Trees are generally temporarily drying during the dry season, though riverine species can be almost evergreen.¹

Acacia nilotica is an imperative versatile plant. A. nilotica grows to 15-18m in height². It has a thick spherical crown, steam, and branches. The plant has straight, light, thin, gray, spines in axillary pairs. Pods are comprised of white and gray, hairy thick and thick. The acacia has straight, light, thin, grey spines in axillary pairs, usually in 3 to 12 pairs, 5 to 7.5cm long in young trees, and mature trees commonly they are without thorns. Bipinnate leaves, with 3 to 6 pairs of pinnulae and 10 to 30 pairs of leaflets each, rachis with a gland at the bottom of the last pair of pinnulae. The Flowers in globulous heads 1.2 to 1.5cm in diameter of bright golden-yellow color set up either axillary on peduncles 2-3cm long located at the end of the branches³. nilotica is a pantropical and semitropical genus with species abound in America, Asia, Australia, and Africa. A. nilotica is naturally occurring and is in traditional rural and nilotica can provide the nutrients and therapeutic ingredients for prevention, and mitigate systems. Nilotica is famous by the following names:

Acacia, Acacia arabica, Babhul – Hindi,

Napalese, Babla -

Bengali, Babool - Unani,

Babool Baum - German,

Babhoola - Sanskrit, Babul, Babul Tree,

Huanlong Kyain -

Burmese, Kikar,

Mughilan – Japanese

Ummughiion – Persian⁴.

Since herbal compounds obtained from medicinal plants, minerals, and organic matter have been a major source of health care for about 75–80% of the world's population in the past centuries in advanced and developing countries, the trend of the same persists because of the affordability and affordability of these therapies as they are marketed and gaining popularity in advanced and developing countries. Some of the following compounds were separated in medicinal plants: volatile essential oils, alkaline glycosides, resins, oleoresins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, and phenols. Medicinal plants were in practice in a variety of cultures from ancient times⁵. There has been exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine over the last couple of years due to their natural origin, easy accessibility, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness in curing age-related diseases like memory loss, osteoporosis, immune disorders, etc., for which no modern medicine is available. The medicinal plant, acacia nilotica is a xerophytic plant used in a conventional type of medicine⁶. Medicinal plant researchers followed with several goals such as the development of low-cost therapeutic compounds and the discovery of prototypic drugs. Acacia nilotica is also referred to as Gum Arabic tree, Babul, Egyptian thorn, or Prickly Acacia. It is a multi-purpose nitrogen-fixing tree legume. It occurs from sea level to over 2000mts and tolerates extreme temperature and air dryness but is sensitive to frost when it is young. It is rather widely spread in subtropical and tropical Africa from Egypt to South Africa, and in Asia^7,8. And also distributed throughout dry and semi-dry zones of the world including India⁹.

Natural medicinal plants promote self-healing, good health, and durability in Ayurvedic medicine practice. This plant has microbial, antiplasmodial, anticancer, antimutagenic, and antioxidant activity. It is specially used to treat colds, coughs, sore throat diarrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, piles, Hepatitis C virus, burns, and scalds conventionally, the bark, leaves, flowers, gum, and immature pods are used against cancer, hemorrhoids, ophthalmia leprosy, and menstrual problems^10,11,12,13. A. nilotica can also provide the nutrients and therapeutic ingredients to prevent, mitigate. It also serves as a source of polyphenols. It is a cosmopolitan genus containing more than 1350 species, distributed throughout tropical and warm temperate areas of the world. Among these species, Acacia Nilotica, also known as Gum Arabic tree, Babul, Egyptian thorn, or Prickly Acacia, is widely cultivated in the Indian subcontinent and is also found in the Himalayan Foothills on lateritic soil. The largest tracts are available in Sind. Mostly it occurs as an isolated tree and is rarely found in patches to a limited extent in forests it has been widely planted on farms throughout the plains of the Indian subcontinent¹⁴.

Extraction:

There were two extracts, one ethanolic and the other methanolic extract.

1) Ethanolic extract:

Ethanolic extract was carried out by maceration process with powder material by using 10g in 50ml of ethanol for 48 hours. Extracts that were macerated were filtered by using Whatman filter paper. The filtrate extract was evaporated at room temperature. Dry residues were subjected to phytochemical screening15.

2) Methanolic extract:

For methanolic extract, 10g of powder material was macerated with 50ml of methanol for 48hours. Macerated extracts were filtered with the help of Whatman filter paper. The filtrate of extract was evaporated at normal temperature. Dry residues were subjected to phytochemical screening¹⁶.

Phytochemistry:

Acacia nilotica Linn contains alkaloids, flavonoids, alkaloids fatty acids, gum, and tannins. Medicinal plants possess crucial properties due to the presence of various complex chemical substances of different compositions, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. It includes arabin, a combination of Arabic acid with calcium, it also contains magnesium and potassium salts of the same acid existing. Small amounts of other salts of these bases are present. The gum also contains 12 to 17 percent moisture and a trace of sugar and yields 2.7 to 4 percent ash, comprising almost entirely of calcium, magnesium, and potassium carbonates. It contains gallic acid, m-gallic acid, (+)-catechin, chlorogenic acid, allocated flavan-3,4-diol, and robidandiol (7, 3', 4'5', -tetrahydroxyflavan-3, 4-diol). It also contains 29% oleic, 44.5% linoleic acid). The seeds of A. nilotica contained coronaric acid (cis-9, 10- epoxyoctadec-cis-12-enoic. The alkaloids found in Acacias include dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 5-methoxy dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and5-methoxy dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), and N methyltryptamine (NMT). The gum contains galactose, arabinose, l-rhamnose and 4-aldobiouronic acids, arabinobioses. The bark contains several polyphenols. Egypt's bark contains more tannin (27%) as compared to India's. It has been cited that several parts of this plant are well-filled with tannins-ellagic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, stearic acid, Vitamin-C (ascorbic acid), carotene, crude protein, crude fiber, and selenium¹.

Oleic Acid:

Stearic Acid:

Ellagic Acid:

Gallic Acid:

Pharmacological Activities:

Antioxidant Activity:

It has an active antioxidant compound. (Ethyl gallate) from leaves ethanol extract of acacia nilotica also from 80% EtOH pods extract. The extract of acacia nilotica contains higher and more potent invitro as well as invivo antioxidant activity. The overall antioxidant activity has been shown due to the presence of polyphenol, it also prevents the strand break formation in supercoiled plasmid DNA and also in protein oxidation¹⁷.

Antiplasmodial activity:

The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Phytochemical analysis pointed out that the most active phase contained terpenoids and tannins and was alkaloids-free and saponins-free. Acacia nilotica root extract possesses significant activity against chloroquine-sensitive strains of plasmodium berghei in mice¹⁷.

Antibacterial Activities:

The extracts of stem bark show antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Shigella sonnei, this activity is studied by using the agar diffusion method. A. Nilotica is a source of antimicrobial agents¹⁷.

Antifungal Activity:

A. nilotica shows the highest activity against bacteria such as E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella typhi and fungal strains such as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Acacia nilotica bark and leaf extract have antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (12mm) followed by leaf extract of Zizphus mauritian (11mm)¹.

Larvicidal Activity:

The crude extracts of A. nilotica have been assessed for biological activity against mosquito larvae. Acetone extract at a concentration of 500ppm showed chronic toxicity to the IVth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. This type of biological activity is reported first for this plant. This study could be a beginning towards the solution for the annihilation of the larval species¹.

Analgesic Activity:

Traditionally, the Acacia nilotica is a potent analgesic since it is used in ophthalmic pain. The young leaves of Acacia nilotica fried in ghee and applied around the eyes in chronic ophthalmia and subconjunctival haemorrhage¹⁸.

Morphology:

Figure 1. Acacia nilotica plant

Table 1 Scientific Classification

Plant Name	*Acacia nilotic*a
Botanical Name	Vachellia nilotica
Family	Fabaceae
Synonyms	Mimosa nilotica, acacia arabica
Kingdom	Plantae
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta
Division	Magnoliophyta
Class	Magnoliopsida
Subclass	Rosidae
Order	Fabales
Genus	Acacia
Species	Nilotica⁴

Table 2 Pharmacological uses of different parts of A. nilotica¹⁸

Part used	Pharmacological uses
Root	Antipyretic, Analgesic, Wound Healing, applied to sore eyes in children, a paste of burnt leaves effective ointment
Leave	Sour throat and as a wash in hemorrhagic ulcers and wounds; Anticancer and antimutagenic,
Gum	Gum with the white of an egg is applied to burns and scalds
Bark	Used as an astringent douch in gonorrhea, Antibacterial and diarrhea
Seed	Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial
Pods (fruit)	Antioxidant, Anti TB
Flowers	Antimutagenic, Anticancer

Topical Formulation:

A topical formulation is a type of medication that has been applied directly to a specific area or on the body. Topical administration, in essence, primarily to body surfaces like the skin or mucous membrane, is utilized in the treatment of ailments through diverse classes, including creams, foams, gels, lotions, and ointments. Most topical drugs are percutaneous or applied directly on the skin. Topical medication can be inhaled, for example, asthma medication, or it is applied to the surface of tissue other than skin or medication applied to the surface of a tooth¹⁹.

Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Gel Formulation of A. nilotica:

The Study discusses a pharmacological study on the wound healing and antibacterial effect of Acacia nilotica leaf extract. Gela used for the study is made up of methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica leaves on mice using the excision wound models. It showed significant wound healing activity with faster epithelization and wound contraction compared to control and standard treatment (betadine). Fresh bark was collected, cleaned with water, and then air-dried for one week. Once dried, it was well-grounded into a fine powder using a mixer grinder, then sieved through a 100-mesh screen and kept in polythene bags to prepare the extract from the bark. To make extract, 2.5g of the powder of the bark was mixed in 10mL of ethanol in a 100mL round-bottom flask fitted with a Graham condenser and then heated at 65°C for 1hour after which it was cooled with the chilled system of water. After cooling, it is filtered by using Whatman No.1 filter paper, and the filtrate is collected for further use. Then fresh leaves were air-dried and crushed into coarse powder by using a mechanical blender. For the antibacterial test, a 5 mg sample of this powder was used. Preparing the extract: 2.5g of the powdered leaves macerated in 10mL of ethanol at room temperature for 72hours. The solution was filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper, and the ethanol was evaporated at 50°C leaving crude extract in concentrated form. Gel was prepared by slow-dissolving Carbopol 940 and HPMC at three concentrations in 60mL of demineralized water with stirring for about an hour to prevent the agglomeration of particles. Then, it was mixed with polyethylene glycol, methylparaben, ascorbic acid, and amaranth color. Triethanolamine was added dropwise to adjust pH to 6.5, which resulted in the transparent, homogeneous gel. Three Gel formulations were prepared according to the table, and their viscosity was also measured. The optimum viscosity of gel was selected, which is close to the marketed product, and plant extracts were incorporated to make the final formulation. The phytochemicals in the extract could contribute to enhancing healing individually or synergistically. This study further tested the extract's antibacterial properties against common bacteria, such as pus-forming bacteria, and staphylococcus pyogens, showing significant inhibition at higher concentrations of the extract. The above results show that Acacia nilotica has healing and antiseptic properties. Therefore, it becomes a good probable skin wound healing treatment, especially those that are linked to bacterial infections. It also contributes to putting light on the myriad therapeutic uses of the plants in the traditional medicine system and their future potential development into pharmaceutical use¹⁹.

Skin/Wounds Healing Gel of Acacia arabica:

This is an investigative study into the effect of acacia arabica topical gel on skin wound healing in rabbits. The study involved 28 rabbits, each rabbit with two incisions when treated with gel and others left for natural healing. Thereafter, the healing process was followed through histopathological analysis at time intervals of 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. The gel preparation is prepared by suspending 5% Acacia powder in distilled water along with stirring until fully dispersed, followed by the addition of 0.5% Carbopol 934 to the mixture, and was left for 24hours to ensure full swelling of the Carbopol. It was then adjusted with distilled water for uniform distribution. To prepare the gel, TEA drop-wise was added to increase the pH and thereby allow for gelification. The final gel was stored in sterile containers in the refrigerator, keeping it stable. The study group that is treated with acacia arabica indicates that granulation tissue development is faster compared to the control group. The inflammatory response of both groups contains similar inflammation levels, but the study group initially showed slightly lower inflammatory responses. Overall, it concludes that Acacia arabica gel effectively accelerates wound healing without significant side effects, supporting its potential as a treatment for skin wounds²⁰.

Antiradical and Anti-inflammatory topical formulation of A. nilotica:

This research paper deals with the phytochemical properties, antioxidant (antiradical), and anti-inflammatory effects of an aqueous bark extract from Acacia nilotica obtained from the Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. Generally, this medicinal plant has been traditionally used in the treatment of various health problems. The Phytochemical Composition which includes the extract contains the following compounds: steroids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids responsible for the pharmacological benefits. Aqueous extract Powdered bark of A. nilotica 200g Soxhlation technique is used for the extraction process of A. nilotica powdered bark. Use 500ml water to facilitate the extraction process.

Place the colored dark brown residue gently inside the vacuum evaporator to come out from moisture. Finally, place the inside residue kept at a refrigeration condition of 4ºC within the clean-glass vial of capacity 3ml for further experimental protocols. It exhibits antioxidant Activity by hydroxyl radical and ABTS assays, the bark extract proved to possess significant dose-dependent radical scavenging activity, as determined by its IC50 values, which are the concentration required to inhibit 50% of radicals, of 43.35µg/ml for hydroxyl radicals and 41.07µg/ml for ABTS radicals. The compound also exhibits Anti-inflammatory Activity by using an egg albumin denaturation assay, the extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, with an IC50 value of 73.62µg/ml. Based on these results, it is concluded that A. nilotica bark extract possesses significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and mainly contributes to the phytochemicals present in it, which indicates future therapeutic study²¹.

Topical Application Acacia nilotica Pods on Second Degree Cutaneous Infected Burns:

The experimental study titled "Effect of Topical Application of Hydro-Ethanolic Extract of Acacia nilotica Pods on Second-Degree Cutaneous Infected Burns" was published in the Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences in 2015. The study process reveals healing effects exerted by the hydro-ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica pods on infected and non-infected cuts in mice. Acacia nilotica is a plant traditionally used in the healing process of burns and various other purposes in Togo. The antioxidant properties of this study emphasize the polyphenol and flavonoid contents and its efficacy in scavenging free radicals that are abundant in its solution, assessed by the DPPH assay. This fraction contains a high amount of polyphenols and flavonoids with known health-promoting activities and good antioxidant properties expressed in 182.49±5.19mg GAE/g of the extract and 12.8±1.33mg QE/g, respectively.

The antioxidant activity of the extract was highly potent as shown by its DPPH IC50 value at a concentration of 63.20µg/mL. For reference, ascorbic acid, a commonly used antioxidant, had an IC50 value of 80.33µg/mL, thus making the extract slightly potent. The gel was prepared by dispersing 0.3g of Carbopol 974P NF (Goodrich, USA) in 27g of distilled water and mixed by continuously stirring at 800rpm on a magnetic stirrer IKA-Combimag RCT for 1h. The mixture, under continued stirring, was neutralized by drop-wise addition of NaOH 1mol/l. Mixing was continued till a transparent gel was formed. We prepared three types of gel formulations including an empty gel and gels containing 2.5% and 5% of A. nilotica pods extract. For standard treatment, we used dermal Brulex reference drugs. The system described entails second-degree burns in mice were carried out, where the infection was with Staphylococcus aureus for the experimental procedure. The mice were divided into five groups, one of them without infection and the others were to receive various treatments: Acacia nilotica extract, and a commercial product, Brulex®. Acacia nilotica extract, when applied topically in a gel formulation, dramatically enhanced wound healing compared to control subjects who remained untreated. Acacia nilotica extract encourages faster wound contraction, reduces inflammation, and assists in re-epithelialization, even in infected wounds. The study recommended its traditional use and potential as a therapeutic for burn wound treatment¹⁵.

Table 3 Chemical Ingredient used in the different formulation^15,19,20

Common ingredient	Quantity	Role
Carbapol	0.3% - 1%	Gelling agent
Methylparaben	0.1% – 0.3%	Preservative
Triethylamine	QS	Neutralizing agent
Water	QS	Vehicle
Uncommon ingredient	Quantity	Role
Ethanol	3%	Vehicle
EDTA	6.03%	Cleanser
Amarnath colour	0.2%	Colouring agent
HPMC	1% - 4%	Gelling agent
Ascorbic acid	1%	Antioxidant
Sodium hydroxide	1mole/litre	Buffer

Method of Preparation:

Preparation of gel Formulation:

Formulation of the gel was done with Carbopol 934 as a gelling agent in a concentration of 0.5%. Acacia in 5% concentration was used. The concentration was chosen, based on the concentration of acacia widely used in some marketed products. The required weight of acacia powder was dispersed in distilled water (D.W.) and stirred using a magnetic stirrer till complete dispersion was achieved. Required weight. The Carbopol 934 was added to this. After 24 hours were given for full swelling of Carbopol, its volume was topped up with D.W, which thus ensured proper dispersion distribution of the two components in the dispersion. TEA was used as a neutralizing agent, and thus, the pH value of the mixture was raised high enough for Carbopol to switch into its gel state. With a micropipette, TEA was added dropwise under extreme care. Gelification occurred, and the prepared formula was stored in tightly closed, sterile containers in the cold²⁰.

CONCLUSION:

Acacia nilotica (Linn.) appears as a highly promising natural source for dermatological applications, supported by its rich phytochemical composition and various pharmacological properties. Its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing activities make it a valuable candidate for the development of topical formulations targeting various skin ailments, including infections, burns, and chronic wounds. The plant's ethnopharmacological history aligns well with scientific evidence, signifying that formulations derived from its bark, leaves, and pods can effectively manage skin conditions. The safety and efficacy of A. nilotica-based topical formulations further underscore its potential as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative in modern pharmaceutical sciences. Future studies should focus on clinical trials, formulation standardization to integrate this traditional remedy into mainstream medicine, ensuring broader accessibility and therapeutic benefits.

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Received on 05.12.2024 Revised on 02.02.2025

Accepted on 10.03.2025 Published on 10.05.2025

Available online from May 14, 2025

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2025; 17(2):143-148.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2025.00024

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